The US has imposed sanctions on 19 Russians, accusing them of interference in the 2016 US election and alleged cyber-attacks.
They include 13 individuals charged last month by Justice Department Special Counsel Robert Mueller.
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin accused the Russians of “destructive cyber-attacks, and intrusions targeting critical infrastructure”.
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He said the sanctions would target “ongoing nefarious attacks” by Russia.
Five groups including Moscow’s intelligence services are targeted in Thursday’s measures.
The sanctions are being described in Washington as the strongest action taken by the Trump administration thus far against Moscow.